Optimization of anaerobic processes by speciation and bioavailability of trace metals

The deficiency trials of some trace metals (copper, nickel, zinc) were made in laboratory Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactors containing the inoculum of an industrial anaerobic sludge, a basal medium with the rest of nutrients and vitamins in comparison with a control reactor with the optimal doses of trace elements. From the main control parameters (alkalinity, acidity, DQO), no inactivation by deficit of essential elements was detected, but the control reactor showed greater mineralization and solid content, being necessary to make purge to avoid bulking. The inoculum has high metallic element contents, so the additional contribution produces high bacterial growth, also purge being necessary to avoid bulking. The purge, made after 120 days in continuous operation, eliminates a great quantity of solids and increases the volatile solids (VS)/total solids (TS) ratio. The comparison of the initial content of metallic elements in the solid and liquid phases with the contents after 120 days showed a progressive depletion of metals in all reactors without a clear appreciation of the lack of the studied metals. Finally, in 210 days, the reactors without addition of a metallic element accumulated greater quantity of major (Ca, Fe, Mg) and trace (Co, Ni, Cu) elements in the solid phase with respect to the control.     

辣椒秸秆不同部位化学组分及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力

以辣椒苏椒16号为试验材料,调查统计了辣椒生物量和产废系数,并在实验室条件下,研究了辣椒秸秆不同部位理化特性及厌氧发酵产沼气潜力,及各部位对辣椒整株的影响.结果表明：辣椒秸秆生物量高达21t/hm²,产废系数为0.36.辣椒秸秆各部位间理化特性及产沼气潜力具有显著性差异（P<0.05）,产沼气潜力大小顺序为：叶（185.2mL/gVS）>茎（104.2mL/gVS）>根（68.9mL/gVS）.各部位对辣椒整株的影响主要表现在纤维素和碳水化合物的相对含量对其产沼气的影响.且根据经验分子式推测的理论产沼气量,对辣椒秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气转化率进行了评估,各部位转化率均较低,其原因有待进一步研究.     

秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例对产沼气特性的影响

在中温(37±1)℃条件下,以破碎麦秸为原料,采用批次进料和消化液每天回流方式(发酵固含率为10%),通过在反应器底部设置不同高度的多孔滤板使秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例分别为100%(T1)、50%(T2)和0%(T3),研究秸秆与游离发酵液接触比例对产沼气特性的影响.结果表明:从产气特征和发酵前后VS变化来看,各处理均无明显差异,表明减少秸秆与游离发酵液的接触比例,对秸秆产沼气效果无影响,即通过渗滤液每天回流方式,未浸没于游离发酵液中的秸秆可以达到与浸没秸秆相同的传质效果,此结果为秸秆厌氧发酵工程中提高秸秆有效发酵浓度提供了理论依据.此外,试验还发现,T3处理中消化液与秸秆接触比例随发酵进程呈逐渐降低趋势,并于发酵第6d基本稳定,表明发酵系统中实际的游离发酵液量逐渐减少,分析认为秸秆物料对消化液有吸收和截持作用,发酵第6d后已达秸秆物料吸持水饱和状态(秸秆物料含固率为16.42%).     

油脂对餐厨废弃物单相厌氧定向制酸的影响

通过间歇实验研究了油脂对餐厨废弃物单相厌氧定向产酸(VFA)的影响.考察了油脂含量为0.0,5.0,15.0及25.0g/L条件下发酵液中有机酸浓度及组成的变化情况.结果表明,油脂对发酵液中VFA浓度影响显著,随油脂含量提高最大VFA浓度呈下降趋势,当油脂含量达到25.0g/L时,最大VFA浓度仅为23.22g/L,为未添加油脂条件下的55.3%,其次油脂可延后开始产酸的时间,油脂含量为5.0g/L时,达到最高VFA浓度50%所需的反应时间分别为49.4h相对未添加油脂组滞后27.1h.此外油脂会影响发酵液中VFA各组分比例,提高丙酸含量促使发酵类型由丁酸型发酵向丙酸型发酵转变,当油脂含量为5.0g/L时丙酸所占比例分别为32.2%,而未添加油脂组的丙酸含量仅占8.7%.     

C/N比调控污泥厌氧发酵产酸的数学模型研究

采用改进粒子群算法对ADM1模型中的关键参数进行了估计,经敏感性分析,确定了Monod最大比吸收速率、半饱和值、产物对底物的产率等3种参数对产酸速率具有较大影响.应用修正后的动力学参数对ADM1模型在不同C/N比调控下污泥厌氧发酵产酸结果进行了模拟.结果表明,模拟产酸数据和实测数据误差较小,说明修正后的ADM1模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对产酸的影响.     

糟液循环对开放式餐厨垃圾乙醇发酵的影响及工艺改进

在前人研究的基础上对餐厨垃圾乙醇发酵糟液进行多次循环使用,以减少废液的排放量.重点考察了糟液循环对餐厨垃圾产乙醇的影响.结果表明:当未经处理的乙醇糟液在全回流条件下,对乙醇发酵产生明显抑制,全循环4次后乙醇产量由28.4g/L 降至2.56g/L.随着循环利用次数的增加,乳酸、SS、DS和盐分均产生积累,分别达5.45、64.7、99.5和12.3g/L.为提高糟液循环次数,本研究采用2/3的糟液回流和絮凝处理后全回流的方式,其糟液循环利用7次后,前者乙醇产生量维持在25.5~35.5g/L,而后者的乙醇产量在12.2~32.4g/L.糟液2/3回流循环效果要优于絮凝处理后全回流的方式,今后需考虑两者相结合进行糟液循环的方式.     

Impact of roxarsone on the UASB reactor performance and its degradation

Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, ROX) has been widely used for decades as an organoarsenic feed additive to control intestinal parasites and improve feed efficiency in animal production. However, most of the ROX is excreted into the manure, causing arsenic contamination in wastewater. The arsenic compounds are toxic to microorganisms, but the influence of continuous ROX loading on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor is still unknown. In this study, the impact of ROX and its degradation products on the performance of the UASB reactor and the degradation and speciation of ROX in the reactor were investigated. The UASB reactor (hydraulic retention time: 1.75 d) was operated using synthetic wastewater supplemented with ROX for a period of 260 days. With continuous ROX addition at 25.0 mg·L^–1, severe inhibition to methanogenic activity occurred after 87 days operation accompanied with an accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and a decline in pH. The decrease of added ROX concentration to 13.2 mg·L^–1 did not mediate the inhibition. As(III), As (V), MMA(V), DMA(V), HAPA and an unknown arsenic compound were detected in the reactor, and a possible biotransformation pathway of ROX was proposed. Mass balance analysis of arsenic indicated that 60%–70% of the arsenic was discharged into the effluent, and 30%–40% was precipitated in the reactor. The results from this study suggest that we need to pay attention to the stability in the UASB reactors treating organoarsenic-contaminated manure and wastewater, and the effluent and sludge from the reactor to avoid diffusion of arsenic contamination.

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生活垃圾好氧堆肥微生物接种的初步研究

对城市生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥的人工接种试验进行了初步研究,利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥中心的温度,筛选出堆肥各个阶段的优势菌种,单独培养后混合加入到城市生活垃圾的高温好氧堆肥中,通过温度变化和微生物数量变化考察了不同堆肥条件下垃圾降解效果的差异。结果表明,利用恒温培养箱模拟堆肥中心的温度是可行的;主发酵阶段进行微生物接种不能造成所加菌种的优势地位,且加菌的效果不明显,但在后发酵中接种降解纤维素活性高的霉菌很容易达到优势地位,因此可以利用所加霉菌提高堆肥的温度,加速降解的速度,以此为下一步菌群的筛选工作提出了方向。     

生活垃圾厌氧堆肥产甲烷特性研究

为了更好地利用厌氧处理产生的气体,在介绍模拟厌氧堆肥试验的基础上,对厌氧堆肥产甲烷的基本特性进行了研究。结果表明,在厌氧堆肥开始阶段20d左右,甲烷只有7．8％（质量分数,下同）左右,远远低于32．8％的二氧化碳;而随着反应的进行,二氧化碳呈下降趋势,甲烷先升高后降低,直到反应进行到第70天左右时,甲烷才逐渐高于二氧化碳,片于第90天左右时达到最高值42．0％;此后二氧化碳及甲烷都逐渐降低,但甲烷始终高于二氧化碳。     

初期通气和震荡培养提高高浓度乙醇发酵的乙醇浓度和产率

研究了氧气和震荡条件对酿酒酵母高浓度乙醇发酵的影响.结果表明,震荡是提高发酵液乙醇浓度和产率的最重要因素.与静止培养相比,在不通气情况下震荡培养使乙醇浓度提高了69%(从75.8 g L-1提高到128.1 g L-1),在通气条件下乙醇浓度提高了68.7%(从85.2 g L-1提高到to 143.8 g L-1).在最优条件下,两次补料,经54 h发酵,发酵液中乙醇浓度达到143.8 g L-1,乙醇产率与理论产率的比值为0.471 g/g(即92.20%).经分析,通气和震荡条件提高了发酵液中酿酒酵母的生物量和细胞活力.图5表1参12